Page 25 - Passages 3rd Edition (demo)

GRAMMAR
Modals w ith multiple uses

To express degrees of certainty, use must (not), can't, could (not), might (not}, or may (not).
I'm certain Banksy must have wanted to win that Oscar.
People thought he could have been trying to get publicity for the movie.
That website hoax might have been planned by Banksy himself.

To express obligation, advice, or opinions, use should (not). Do not use must (not) have for obligations,
advice, or opinions about the past.
Banksy shouldn't have painted on other people's property. (obligation)
He should be more careful. (advice)
The magazine readers shouldn't have expected Banksy to reveal his identity just because of an article. (opinion)
Also notice how these modals are used in the passive and continuous.

tGRAMMAR PLUS see page 109

A Look at the Starting Point on page 14 again. What does each modal express?
Which one is used in the passive?

B Use medals to write reactions to these situations. Then compare answers with a partner.

1. You and your friend planned to meet, but 3. You feel sick after a big fish dinner.
your friend never arrived. 4. You receive flowers from a secret admirer.
He might have been busy at work, but he 5. You haven't received any phone calls or text
should have called to tell me.
messages in a week.
2. You loaned your classmate a lot of money 6. Your boss promised to promote you, but it
last-week, but she still hasn't repaid you. still hasn't happened.

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S
U
t!J What's t h e explanation?
A Read these headlines about strange events. How would you explain them?

MYSTERY SOUND IRRITATES VILLAGE
River Runs Red
Each night from midnight to 4 A.M., a
~~==~~ Shocked residents watched
mysterious humming sound keeps. the 300 ~~~ disbelief last week as the
i
n
residents of Woodland, England, awake. river running through their
There are no factories or large roads nearby, city turned a deep red color.
"""---=<......, and so far nobody can explain the sound. Some people rushed to save
a bottle of the colored water
.....__ ____ , while they had the chance.
_
_
Colored Honey Puzzles Farmers
In a French region famous for its honey, bees
~ have been producing it in shades of blue and
green. Farmers say the honey is unsellable,
and they are investigating the cause.
Disagreeing
B Group work Discuss your explanations. Do you agree? I don't know.
I'm not so sure.
"Airplanes flying overhead could have caused the noise in that village."
Well, maybe, but .. .
"I'm not so sure. I think someone may have been making the sound
I know what you mean, but ...
on purpose as a prank."

41a-~-{e]H :f I can't explain it! 15